Antenna Design, Monopole Antenna

 

I. Theory

1. Monopole Structure

Figure: A monopole antenna (left) versus a dipole antenna (right)

 

- Lower half arm of the dipole is replaced with a perfect electric conductor (PEC).

- It is also called an antenna ground plane.

- A device case or platform often serves as an antenna ground plane.

 

          https://forum.ih8mud.com/proxy.php?image=http%3A%2F%2Fdefense-update.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F03%2Fbradley_a3_bcv-688x338.jpg&hash=c753247935fb93d886dfb836e6352b73

Figure: A device case or chassis can be used as an antenna ground plane.

 

2. Image Theory

 

Figure: Image principles.

 

- Find the field due to a current radiating above an infinite PEC ground plane

- Remove the PEC ground plane.

- Place an image current.

- The field above the ground plane is a sum of the fields due to the current and its image.

- The field below the ground plane is zero.

 

3. Monopole Impedance and Radiation Pattern

Figure: Current on a monopole fed by a coaxial cable.

 

- The current on the ground plane flows in the radial direction.

 

Figure: Voltage and current on a dipole (left) and a monopole (right)

 

- Input impedance of a monopole is one half of the dipole input impedance.

      

      

      

       https://www.muratasoftware.com/en/products/image/mainhelp/Examples/Hertz/result30_4.gif

Figure: Directivity patterns of a dipole (blue) and a monopole on an infinite ground plane (red)

 

- Directivity of a monopole on an infinite ground plane is twice that of a dipole.

      

      

      

      

Figure: Relative directivity patterns of a monopole on an infinite ground plane

 

Figure: Normalized directivity patterns of a quarter-wave monopole on a circular ground plane of radius a. (a) a = 1¥ë, (b) a = 2¥ë, (c) a = 6¥ë, (d) a = 10¥ë, (e) a = 20¥ë. From Z. Zivkovic et al., "Radition pattern and impedance of a quarter wavelength monopole antenna above a finite ground plane", Proc. IEEE 20th Int. Conf. Software, Telecomm. Comp. Networks, 2012, pp. 1-5.

 

- Even with a large ground plane, it is difficult to completely block the field in the lower hemisphere.

- In the above figure, with a 40-¥ë diameter ground plane, the field behind the ground plane is reduced by only 9 dB.

 

4. Various Forms of The Monopole Antenna

4.1 Sleeve Monopole

- Enclose the base of the monopole with a conducting cylinder.

- Banwidth is greatly increased.

Figure: Sleeve monopole structure. From W. L. Week, Anenna Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1968.

 

Figure: Principles of the bandwidth extension in the sleeve monopole

 

- Sleeve can be of open type.

 

Figure: A cross-T-wire top-loaded open-sleeve monpole. Dimensions (in ¥ë): driven element 0.13, top-loading element 0.035, sleeve 0.09-0.11 (tuning), driven element to sleeve 0.049, wire radius 0.0075. From L. J. Ying and G. Y. Beng, "Characteristics of broadband top-loaded open-sleeve monople", IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Dig., 2006, pp. 635-638

 

4.2 Monpole with Radials

- Groun plane is realized usign quarter-wave radials.

   

Figure: A monopole with radials (left) and its directivity pattern (right). From www.kingscountyradioclub.com

 

 

     https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Antenne_gp_vhf_3.jpg/220px-Antenne_gp_vhf_3.jpg  

Figure: A VHF monopole with three radial wires. From Wikipedia.

 

http://central.oak.go.kr/repository/journal/11047/E1ICAW_2012_v10n2_97_f001.jpg        https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WSB-TV_tower.JPG/768px-WSB-TV_tower.JPG

Figure: A MF broadcast monopole antenna with radials buried in the earth. 0.53-1.6 MHz, 50-1500 kW. From Wikipedia.

 

 

 

Figure: An array of sleeve monopoles for the TCI 802 DF system operationg at 0.3-30 MHz. From www.tcibr.com

 

4.3 Shortened Monopoles

- Monopole length reduction methods

     Base inductive loading

     Middle inductive loading

     Top capacitive loading

     Top capactive and inductive loading

 

Figure: Monopole length reduction techiques. From webclass.org/k5ijb/antennas/Vertical-antennas.htm.

 

- Whip antenna: Use a wire of helical shape for size reduction

- Also known as (aka) a normal mode helical antenna.

 

http://www.haku.co.uk/pics/XRFcoiledantenna.jpg   

Figure: Whip antennas for (a) 315/433 MHz short range radio [www.embien.com] and (b) 46/49 MHz wireless telephone [L. Huiteman, Progress in Compact Antennas, Chapter 1 Compact Antennas – An Overview]

 

4.4 Compact Monopole Antennas

1) Meander monopole

Figure: Meander monopole in a USB Bluetooth dongle. From www.qsl.net/kk4obi/

 

2) ILA (Inverted L Antenna)

 

Figure: Inverted L antenna (ILA) [L. Huiteman, Progress in Compact Antennas, Chapter 1 Compact Antennas – An Overview]

 

3) IFA (Inverted F Antenna)

 

Figure: Inverted F antenna (IFA) [L. Huiteman, Progress in Compact Antennas, Chapter 1 Compact Antennas – An Overview]

 

- Printed IFA

 

http://www.sparkroberts.info/sites/default/files/field/image/Ant_sample_2_4GHz_curl.jpg   http://www.ti.com.cn/graphics/tool/cc2531emk_800.jpg

Figure: Printed inverted F antenna. MIMO antenna (left) and (b) USB dongle Bluetooth antenna

4.5 Planar Monopole

 

 

Figure: Planar monopole antenna. From N. P. Agrawall et al., "Wide-band planar antennas", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 46(2), 294-295, 1998.

 

Figure: A wideband plate monopole.

 

4.6 3D Monopole

 

      

Figure: Various 3D monopole shapes

 

4.7 Low-profile Monoples

- Small height

 

    

Figure: Liu antenna, 425-615 MHz, D = 91 mm, H = 60 mm

 

Figure: Elsherbini antenna, 0.9-6 GHz, D = 120 mm, H = 17.5 mm

 

   

Figure: Goubau antenna, 430-900 MHz, D = 123 mm, H = 43 mm

 

     

(d) Nakano antenna, 1-15GHz, D=40mm/H=10mm

      (e) Best antenna, 0.55-1.27GHz, D=123mm/H=43mm

 

 

(f) Friedman antenna, 325-625MHz, , D=184mm/H=65mm

 

 

(g) Ravipati, 0.5-2.7GHz, D=123mm/H=43mm

±×¸²: ³ôÀÌ°¡ ÀÛÀº 3Â÷¿ø ¸ð³ëÆú

 

¤· Conical monopole/Monocone antenna

±×¸²: 2-14MHz HF´ë¿ª Åë½Å¿ë ¿ø»Ô ¸ð³ëÆú[Ma & Spies(]. l = 30.6m, a = 0.001m, ¥è0 = 45¨¬,

 

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_00Gx2McvDLA/TA0ODEGWQsI/AAAAAAAAAnY/ytHI8iZ4g5U/S264/hf-monocone1.jpg

   

±×¸²: 1.6-30MHz HF monocone antenna, ASC Signal Type 1794 Series GRANGERTM. 2:1, 40kW-avg, 160kW-peak. Long-range communication via skywave. Short-range communication via groundwave. Low-angle radiation patterns

 

10) Discone ¾ÈÅ׳ª: disc + cone

- Disc´Â Á¢Áö¸é ¿ªÇÒ, coneÀº ¸ð³ëÆú ¿ªÇÒ

- Å©±â°¡ Å« °æ¿ì (ÀúÁÖÆÄ¿ë) ¹«°Ô¸¦ ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ ±Ý¼Ó¸éÀ» wire·Î ´ëü

- LF ´ë¿ª(3-30kHz) ´ë¿ª¿¡¼­´Â Áö¸é¿¡ ¼³Ä¡

 

     HTB1NUHtGVXXXXcyXXXXq6xXFXXXM

(a) Zhang, 3-10GHz                (b) HYS Co., 0.1-1.1GHz, D=960mm/H=1230mm

 

                Telewave ANT280S 118-3000 MHz Unity Gain Discone Antenna (ANT280S)

  (c) Satimo Co., 100-500MHz, D=750mm/H=700mm    (d) Telewave Co., 118-2300MHz, D=724mm/H=1092mm

 

          

(e) AOR Co., 0.7-6GHz, D=133mm/H=232mm

±×¸²: µð½ºÄÜ ¾ÈÅ׳ª

 

- VLF, LF ´ë¿ª ¼Û½Å ¾ÈÅ׳ª: Àå°Å¸® ÁöÇ¥¸éÆÄ Åë½Å, Áö»ó-¼±¹Ú/Áö»ó-Àá¼öÇÔ Åë½Å, Loran-C Ç×¹ý

 

  

±×¸²: VLF ¼Û½Å ¾ÈÅ׳ª

      

- ´ÙÀÌÆú°ú discone ¾ÈÅ׳ªÀÇ °áÇÕ

 

1385lrg                      

(a) Apex Radio Co., 70-3000MHz, D=630mm/H=1040mm     (b) Vimer Co., 25-3000MHz, D=840mm/H=1700mm

15834146573_6359482b50_b  m10130370753

(c) Discone(10-30MHz) + cage dipole(3-12MHz) on the USS Iowa

 

±×¸²: µð½ºÄÜ°ú ´ÙÀÌÆúÀÌ °áÇÕµÈ ¾ÈÅ׳ª

1. ¸ð³ëÆúÀÇ ±¸Á¶

¤· ¸ð³ëÆú(monopole) ±¸Á¶: ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ ±æÀÌ L/2 µ¿ÀÛ ÁÖÆļö¿¡¼­ 1/4 ÆÄÀå¿¡ °¡±î¿î °¡´Â µµ¼±À» ¿ÏÀüµµÃ¼(PEC) Á¢ÁöÆÇ¿¡ ¼öÁ÷À¸·Î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í °£±Ø(gap) g/2 »çÀÌ¿¡ Àü¿ø Àΰ¡

     L/2 = ¸ð³ëÆú µµ¼± ±æÀÌ, d = ¸ð³ëÆú µµ¼± Á÷°æ, g/2 = ¸ð³ëÆú°ú Á¢ÁöÆÇ °£±Ø

     D = Á¢ÁöÆÇ Á÷°æ, t = Á¢ÁöÆÇ µÎ²²

 

±×¸²: ¸ð³ëÆú ±¸Á¶

 

 

II. ¿¬½À¹®Á¦

1. ¼öÁ÷ ´ÙÀÌÆúÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿µ»óÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¼³¸íÇ϶ó.

2. ¼öÆò ´ÙÀÌÆúÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿µ»óÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¼³¸íÇ϶ó.

3. 1/2-ÆÄÀå ´ÙÀÌÆú°ú 1/4-ÆÄÀå ¸ð³ëÆú¿¡ ´ëÇØ

 1) ±¸Á¶¿Í ±ÞÀüÁ¡ µµ½Ã

 2) ÀÔ·Â ÀÓÇÇ´ø½º ºñ±³

 3) ÁöÇâµµ ºñ±³

4. ¹«ÇÑ Æò¸é Á¢Áö¸é À§¿¡¼­ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¸ð³ëÆú ¾ÈÅ׳ª¿Í À¯ÇÑ Æò¸é Á¢Áö¸é À§¿¡¼­ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¸ð³ëÆúÀÇ ¹æ»çÆÐÅÏÀ» ºñ±³Ç϶ó.

5. ´ÙÀ½ ¾ÈÅ׳ª Çü»óÀ» µµ½ÃÇ϶ó.

 1) Monopole with radial ground

 2) T-antenna

 3) Inverted-L antenna

 4) Inverted-F antenna

 5) Plate monopole

 

III. ½Ç½À

1. ¿ä¾à

¤· ¹«ÇÑÁ¢Áö¸é + ¼öÁ÷ 1/4 ÆÄÀå ¸ð³ëÆú

¤· ¹«ÇÑÁ¢Áö¸é + ¿ª LÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª

¤· ¹«ÇÑÁ¢Áö¸é + ¿ª FÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª

¤· Ư¼ºÈ®ÀÎ: ¹Ý»ç°è¼ö, ÀÔ·ÂÀÓÇÇ´ø½º, À̵æÆÐÅÏ, ÆíÆÄƯ¼º

 

2. ½Ç½À

2.1 Áغñ

1) ¾ÈÅ׳ª ±¸Á¶

±×¸² L4.20 (a) ¼öÁ÷ ¸ð³ëÆú, (b) ¿ª LÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª, (c) ¿ª FÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª ½Ç½À ±¸Á¶

(Ä¡¼ö: d = 4mm, H = 30mm, L = 60mm, S = 4mm(°¡º¯), g = 1mm, Discrete port (= delta gap source) Àü¿ø »ç¿ë

 

2) °øÁøÁÖÆļö °è»ê

- ´ÙÀÌÆú ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ±æÀÌ ´ë Á÷°æ ºñ: 2¡¿(30+60)/4 = 45

- ´ÙÀÌÆú °øÁø±æÀÌ´Â ¾Æ·¡ Ç¥·ÎºÎÅÍ 0.475¥ë: 2¡¿(30+60) = 0.475¥ë ¡æ ¥ë = 379mm, f = 792MHz

 

Ç¥ L4.1 ´ÙÀÌÆú °øÁø±æÀÌ [Stutzman]

- Çؼ® ÁÖÆļö °áÁ¤: 400-1200MHz

 

2.2 ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼Ç

1) ´ÙÀÌÆú

 ±×¸² L4.20(a)ÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ ¸ð³ëÆú¿¡ ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â ´ÙÀÌÆúÀ» ±×¸®°í ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÇ϶ó. ´ÙÀÌÆú Áß½ÉÃàÀ» z Ãà¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡

a) ¾ÈÅ׳ª Çü»ó

b) ¹Ý»ç°è¼ö plot: Cartesian plot, 400-1200MHz, -30dB to 0dB

c) Áß½ÉÁÖÆļö = (     )MHz, ´ë¿ªÆø = (     ) MHz

d) ÀÔ·Â ÀúÇ×/¸®¾×ÅϽº plot

e) °øÁøÁÖÆļö = (     ) MHz, °øÁø½Ã ÀúÇ× = (      )§Ù

f) Gtheta 3D plot (°øÁø ÁÖÆļö¿¡¼­)

g) max(Gtheta) = (     )dBi

h) Gphi 3D plot (°øÁø ÁÖÆļö¿¡¼­)

i) max(Gphi) = (     )dBi

2) ¼öÁ÷ ¸ð³ëÆú

 ±×¸² L4.20(a)  ¼öÁ÷ ¸ð³ëÆú¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§ °úÁ¤ ¹Ýº¹

3) ¿ª LÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª

 ±×¸² L4.20(b) ¿ª LÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª¿¡ ´ëÇØ À§ °úÁ¤ ¹Ýº¹

4) ¿ª FÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª

 ±×¸² L4.20(c) ¿ª FÇü ¾ÈÅ׳ª¿¡ ´ëÇØ S = 2, 4, 8mmÀÎ °æ¿ì

a) ¾ÈÅ׳ª Çü»ó

b) ¹Ý»ç°è¼ö plot: µ¿ÀÏ ±×·¡ÇÁ¿¡ Cartesian plot, 400-1200MHz, -30dB to 0dB

 

2.3 °á°ú¿ä¾à

Antenna                              f(MHz) for min (S11)          ¥Äf(MHz) for |S11| < -10dB max(Gabs)(dB)         Rin(ohm) at resonance

Have-wave dipole

Quarter-wave monopole

Inverted-L antenna