Chapter 6
Transmitter and Oscillator Systems
6.1 Transmitter
¼Û½Å±â ºí·°µµ
¼Û½Å±âÀÇ ±â´É: ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ RF ÁÖÆļö¸¦ º¯Á¶ ¡æ ÁÖÆļö »óÇâ ¡æ ÁõÆø ¡æ ¾ÈÅ׳ª·Î ¹æ»ç
¼Û½Å±âÀÇ Áֿ伺´ÉÁöÇ¥: Ãâ·ÂÀü·Â, Ãâ·ÂÁÖÆļö, ¾ÈÁ¤µµ, ÀâÀ½
6.2 Transmitter noise (¼Û½Å±â ÀâÀ½)
¼Û½Å±â ÀâÀ½ Á¾·ù: AM, 1/f,
phase noise, jitter (½ÅÈ£ÁÖ±âÀÇ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÇÑ º¯È)
¼Û½Å½ÅÈ£ ½ºÆåÆ®·³ °î¼±: dBm/Hz, dBc/Hz
¹ßÁø±â À§»óÀâÀ½ (phase noise): Why is it more important than AM
noise?
6.3 Frequency stability and spurious signals
Frequency stability: ¿Âµµº¯È¿¡ µû¸¥ ÁÖÆļö º¯ÈÀ², ¡¾1 ppm/¡ÆC
Spurious signals: ¼Û½Å±â ¹ßÁø±â ±âº»ÁÖÆļö¿Í °íÁ¶ÆÄ (±âº»ÁÖÆļöÀÇ Á¤¼ö¹è ÁÖÆļö)¿ÜÀÇ ½ÅÈ£
6.4 Frequency tuning, output power, and efficiency
- Frequency tuning: ¹ßÁø±âÀÇ ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ ÁÖÆļö°¡ µÇ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í
- Output power: ¹ßÁø±âÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀü·Â. º¸Åë 1-10 mW. ÁõÆøÇÏ¿© ¼Û½ÅÇÒ °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹À½.
- Efficiency: ¹ßÁø±âÀÇ RF Ãâ·ÂÀü·ÂÀ» DC ÀÔ·ÂÀü·ÂÀ¸·Î ³ª´« °ª. ÁÖÆļö°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï ¹ßÁø±â È¿À² °¨¼Ò
- Harmonics (°íÁ¶ÆÄ): ±âº» ¹ßÁø ÁÖÆļöÀÇ Á¤¼ö¹è ÁÖÆļö. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹ßÁø±â¿¡¼ °íÁ¶ÆÄ°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
6.5 Intermodulation
- Intermodulation (»óÈ£º¯Á¶): À¯»çÇÑ ÁÖÆļö ½ÅÈ£ f1, f2, f3, ...°¡ Àü·ÂÁõÆø±â¿¡ Àΰ¡µÉ °æ¿ì Àü·ÂÁõÆø±âÀÇ ºñ¼±Çü¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 2*f2-f1 (two-tone third order intermodulation; IM3 products)¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼Û½Å±âÀÇ ¼Û½Å ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ª¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǴ ½ÅÈ£°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© ¹®Á¦°¡ µÊ. À̸¦ ÇÇÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº Àü·ÂÁõÆø±â¸¦ ¼±ÇüȽÃÅ°°í ¼±Çü¿µ¿ª¿¡¼¸¸ µ¿ÀÛ½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÓ.
6.6 Crystal reference oscillator
¼öÁ¤¹ßÁø±â´Â RF ¼Û½Å±â ij¸®¾î ½ÅÈ£¹ß»ý, µðÁöÅРȸ·ÎÀÇ Å¬·Ï¹ß»ý µîÀÇ ¿ëµµ·Î Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
Crystal oscillator: ¼öÁ¤°øÁø±â (quartz resonator)¸¦ ¹ßÁøȸ·Î¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¹ßÁø±â
XO (XTAL oscillator): ¡¾15
ppm/¡ÆC
OCXO (oven compensated
crystal oscillator): Ç׿°ø°£¿¡ ¹ßÁø±â ¼³Ä¡. ¡¾0.01 ppm/¡ÆC
TCXO (temperature
compensated crystal oscillator): ¿Âµµº¯È¿¡ µû¸¥ ¹ßÁøÁÖÆļö º¯È¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿Âµµº¯È¿¡ µû¶ó ¹ßÁøÁÖÆļö Á¦¾îÀü¾ÐÀ» ÀûÀÀÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È½ÃÄÑ ÁÜ. ¡¾0.05
ppm/¡ÆC
6.7 Phase-locked oscillator
- ÁÖÆļö ¾ÈÁ¤µµ°¡ ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¼öÁ¤¹ßÁø±â¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ ¼Û½Å±â ½ÅÈ£ »ý¼º
- À§»ó°íÁ¤ ¹ßÁø±â: ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ¼öÁ¤¹ßÁø±â¸¦ ±âÁØÁÖÆļö ¹ß»ý¿øÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í Ãâ·ÂÁÖÆļö (±âº»ÁÖÆļöÀÇ Á¤¼ö¹è)ÀÇ À§»óÀ» feedbackÀ» ÅëÇØ ±âÁØÁÖÆļö ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ À§»ó°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© Ãâ·Â½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¾ÈÁ¤È½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ¹ý. ÀÌ ¶§ Ãâ·Â½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤µµ´Â ¼öÁ¤¹ßÁø±âÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤µµ¿Í °°´Ù. Ãâ·Â½ÅÈ£ ÁÖÆļö´Â ¼öÁ¤¹ßÁø±â ÁÖÆļöÀÇ Á¤¼ö¹è·Î °íÁ¤µÇ¾î º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
Fig. 6.16 PLL oscillator
6.8 Frequency synthesizer
- ÁöÁ¤µÈ ÁÖÆļö ¹üÀ§ ³»¿¡¼ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¹ß»ý
- ÁÖÆļö ÇÕ¼º±â: À§»ó°íÁ¤¹ßÁø±â¸¦ º¯ÇüÇÏ¿© ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·ÎÄÁÆ®·Ñ·¯ Á¦¾î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ºÐÇØ´ÉÀ¸·Î ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¹ß»ý
¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²¿¡¼ fR =
1MHz, N2 = 1000À̸ç(∆f = 1 kHz) N1À» 1, 2, 3, ..., 106À¸·Î Çϸé 1 kHzºÎÅÍ 10 GHz±îÁö 1 kHz °£°ÝÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹ß»ý½Ãų¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Fig. 6.19 Frequency synthesizer
- ÁÖÆļöÇÕ¼º±âÀÇ ÁÖÆļö ºÐÇØ´ÉÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í ÁÖÆļö º¯È¼Óµµ¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ´ÙÁß·çÇÁ ÁÖÆļöÇÕ¼º±â »ç¿ë